wound Care :: Health Care, Pressure Ulcer

Wound care (Pressure Ulcer)DescriptionsDuring community placement, my mentor and I visited M (patient), a 75years old lady, who was presented with a Pressure Ulcer, on the heel of her right leg. On arrival, my mentor asked me to manage Ms wound. However, I have observed and participate in carrying come forward this skill (wound care) with my mentor on several occasions. I explained the routine to M and gained her consent to carry out the procedure. The preparation and application of aseptic technique was sort of challenging in Ms home, however I washed my hands, worn apron and gloves, and adopt aseptic technique. When I change the old fertilizations and assessed the wound, I observed that Ms wound was slightly exudates, odour, sloughs and dry skin (flakes) around the wound. When M asked me, how the wound was, I was not confident to answer her question, moreover rather turn to my mentor, who then answered her. I displayed the sterile pack on a flat surface and I dipped the gauze into a limber up normal saline and gently cleaned the wound I cleaned the slough and remove the dead tissues, under my mentors supervision and I also employ intrasite gel unto the wound bed, and put an antimicrobial heel dressing and securing it with a two way stretch bandages (tubifast). FeelingsI was nervous, when my mentor asked me to carry out this procedure and thus, became very careful not to cause more pain to M. Being an invasive procedure, I was worried not to infect the wound when it was exposed, and when I could not answer her question, I felt uncomfortable. EvaluationBeing an invasive procedure, I adopt aseptic techniques Hart (2007) states that, employing aseptic technique helps to crap an environment (asepsis) free from living pathogenic micro-organisms. Aziz (2009) conceded that, it helps prevent wound from contaminations and other susceptible site, by organism that could cause infection (HCAIs). I gently remove the slough and dead tissues, and applied an in trasite gel unto the wound bed, and then I put an antimicrobial heel dressing on the wound. Fletch (2007) suggests that, the removal of necrotic tissue and thick slough from wound bed, helps to promote healing by creating moist balance and controls bio burden to ensures optimal healing environment. Barrett (2009) concurs that, the management of wound required dressing that can maintain a moist environment, absorbs exudates as well as remain in situ over number of days.

René Descartes Does Not Reject Sense Perception Essay -- Philosophy Re

Ren Descartes Does Not Reject Sense Perception Some cast suggested that Ren Descartes argues that sense perception relies on the mind rather than on the body. Descartes asserts that we can know our mind more readily than we can know our body. In erect of this idea he gives the example of a piece of wax which is observed in its solid form and its liquid form. After pointing out the difficulties of relying on the senses of the somatic body to understand the nature of the wax he makes this claim Perception ... is neither a seeing, nor a touching, nor an imagining. ... Rather it is an inspection on the part of the mind alone (Section 31). 1 This quote is perhaps the most direct statement of the authors thesis on this subject. I contend that, based upon the arguments presented in the Second Meditation, Descartes shows that we can use our senses to care us understand the true nature of things, but the senses alone are inadequate to determine truth (since they are often deceived), and t hat all that may be known with certainty (truth) are those things we know by our judgment, thinking, and understanding of them in our minds. Descartes argument does not necessarily reject any role of the senses in the exploit of understanding. Steps of the ArgumentDescartes began his argument in the First Meditation by questioning or calling into doubt everything that he knew. After examining all the things he thought he knew about himself and the world he concluded (the details of that argument are beyond the scope of this essay) that the only thing he knew with unconditional certainty is that I am, I exist (Section 25). Having established the fact that he has a real existence of some kind he then give tongue to But I do not yet understand... ...y some shape, of being enclosed in a place, and of filling up a space in such a way as to exclude any other body from it ... followed by other features not related to extension. (Section 26) 5 Perceptio a related interchange perceptio ne in I11 is translated as knowledge, or perception. In II5 vel odoratu percipi is translated as the sense of smell. In II7 percipiat is translated perceive or know. In II11 perceptiones is translated perceptions, notions, or ideas. In II12 sol mente percipere is rendered it is the mind alone which perceives it (Veitch), it is my mind alone which perceives it (Haldane), I perceive it through the mind alone (Cress). In II14 perfectius evidentiusque percipiebam is translated evident and perfect conception (Haldane), clearer and more perfect perception (Veitch), and perceived more perfectly and simply (Cress).

Brown v. Board of Education: A Step Towards Equality Essay -- Brown ve

brown v. Board of Education A Slow Yet of import Step Towards EqualityOn may 17, 1954, in the landmark court case of brownness v. Board of Education, the U.S. autonomous Court unanimously outlawed racial requisition in public schools. The court decision, in light of the continual endeavor of African Americans to ban racial segregation, came hardly surprising. Still, the prohibition of school segregation stirred up hot debates throughout the country and was met with strong opposition, violence, and inertia in the South, where the law mandated school segregation. James Baldwin, an African American writer state for his ability of weaving narrative and argument and intermixing public and privates experiences, also joined the army of critics. In his essay Down at the Cross, he cites the Supreme Court ruling as an example to help manifest his view that white Americans are reluctant to give sincerely anything to their black counterparts and that concessions made to African Americans are due to Cold War politics. While without doubt Baldwin has more authority than most outsiders today in any discussion of the African American experience in the 50s and 60s, he, as a product of this tumultuous era of intense racial hatred, can hardly be considered objective. Indeed, Baldwin is over-cynical in his analysis of Brown v. Board of Education, and his vision of civil rights struggle is too idealistic.A impudent York Times article published on May 18, 1954, reported in full point the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education and its aftermath. In regards to the High Courts 9-0 decision, Chief Justice Earl Warren give tongue to that racial segregation of children in public schoolseven though physical facilities and other tangible factors may be e... ...1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York subroutine library of America, 1998. 296-347.Dilemma in Dixie. Time 20 February 1956 76.Editorial Excerpts From the Nations Press on Segregatio n Ruling New York Times 18 May 1954 19.Historians Laud Courts Decision New York Times 18 May 1954 17.Huston, Luther. High Court Bans School Segregation 9-to-0 Decision Grants Time to Comply. New York Times 18 May 1954 1+Ruling Tempers Reaction of South. New York Times 18 May 1954 20.The Slow March of Integration After 7 Years, 7 Per Cent. U.S. News & World Report 28 Aug 196146.What Negroes Want Now. U.S. News & World Report 28 May 1954 54-59.Zirkel, Sabrina, and Nancy Cantor. 50 Years After Brown v. Board of Education The Promise and Challenge of Multicultural Education. Journal of Social Issues 60.1 (2004) 1-15.

Anti Abortion - The Truth of Abortion :: social issues

Anti Abortion - The Truth of AbortionAnd, behold, one came and said unto Him, respectable Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And He said unto him, Why callest thou me good? There is no(prenominal) good but One, that is, God but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto Him, which? Jesus said, THOU SHALT DO NO MURDER, Thou shalt non commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and mother and, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. maestro Jesus Christ Quote, Matthew 1916-19, King James Version Bible Introduction To know and feel truth is essential to dateing.You may say, ...not another ghostlike person... but I say unto you, I come about this conclusion through pure reason. Of crease, this is a tender subject, but that goes to reason. For it is essential for truth and purport to come together in the expression and beholding of understanding. Abortion and Choice We have f reewill to either magnify goodness or not.We have freewill, as has been given to us by our Creator, to do good or evil. Hence, I nor anyone else not even God has the effective to deny another from any course of action in this case, stillbirth. Abortion Stance Truth is eternal regardless of situation.Though, as I have clarified above, do not have the right to deny another of choice, I do and will utilize my right in voicing my stance against it that abortion is murder.I understand there be pregnancies by rape, and I know it is wrong to, not only, forbid an abortion, but it would also be cruel. Still, I remain with belief that abortion is murder.I understand there are pregnancies that endanger the mothers life, and I know it is wrong to, not only, forbid an abortion, but it would also be cruel. Still, I remain with belief that abortion is murder.I understand there are pregnancies that are unwanted, which have occurred by the voluntary engagement in the activity of reproduction . Whatever the case may be, which results in an unwanted pregnancy through voluntary engagement in the activity of reproduction, the couple has acted irresponsibly. For when a couple engages in the activity of reproduction, it comes with the possibility of responsibility in assuming parenthood.

Free Admissions Essay - The Dance of Life :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -The Dance of Life For the dancer, music and choreography are paramount. The music guides the dancer, and the moves express the music. However, the dance has to start from somewhere. Similar to planning a biography in medicine, the dance has a beginning. It starts with an idea of what the final creation allow for be. The music, which is the background for the dance, must be chosen carefully because it controls the mood and direction of the dance. reading is the music for the dance of a doctor. For this reason I chose to attend Xavier University of Louisiana because I felt it would provide me with the right music to guide my movements. Attending Xavier has helped sustenance me on the path to my goals by providing support, guidance, and opportunities to learn and grow. With this foundation I am prepared for the rigors of medical school and the challenges of adjusting to new people, situations, and responsibilities. The dance cannot exist with music but the ch oreography helps complete the dance. Choreography often involves learning dance from other dancers, or learning a new type of dance to make the brisk one more exciting. Going beyond the normal boundary increases the chance that the dance will effectively intertwine the music and choreography, so the dance will go beyond the original idea. Shadowing neurosurgeon Dr. Norgran in high school and pulmonologist Dr. Yaeger in college, has given me a new perspective on button into a career in medicine. These people helped me to see that I would have to be willing to alter the music of my life in order to wrap up the dance of a medical career. The best expression of dance comes from a skilled and experienced dancer. Ultimately, I want to dance the dance of medicine in a way that fully expresses the spirit of the dance, which is a dance of knowledge and compassion. A dancer that can take the music and choreography and express the essence of the dance, has an indefinable quality that only those with a pure love for their calling can possess. In dance, that special quality is what separates the average dancer from Baryshnikov or Pavlova. That locution is one that intertwines unsurpassable skill with a focused relentless devotion to the task. Although I have danced since the age of three, I know I do not have this prima ballerina quality, but as a future doctor, this same kind of quality is what drives me.

Free Admissions Essay - The Dance of Life :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -The Dance of Life For the dancer, euphony and choreography are paramount. The music guides the dancer, and the moves express the music. However, the dance has to get going from somewhere. Similar to planning a career in medicine, the dance has a beginning. It starts with an idea of what the final creation will be. The music, which is the background for the dance, must be elect carefully because it controls the mood and direction of the dance. Education is the music for the dance of a doctor. For this reason I chose to attend Xavier University of Louisiana because I felt it would provide me with the dear music to guide my movements. Attending Xavier has helped keep me on the path to my goals by providing support, guidance, and opportunities to learn and grow. With this foundation I am prepared for the rigors of medical school and the challenges of adjusting to parvenue people, situations, and responsibilities. The dance cannot exist with music alone the chor eography helps complete the dance. Choreography often involves learning dance from other dancers, or learning a new-fashioned type of dance to make the existing one more exciting. Going beyond the normal boundary increases the chance that the dance will effectively plait the music and choreography, so the dance will go beyond the original idea. Shadowing neurosurgeon Dr. Norgran in high school and pulmonologist Dr. Yaeger in college, has given me a new perspective on going into a career in medicine. These people helped me to see that I would have to be willing to alter the music of my life in order to finish the dance of a medical career. The best expression of dance comes from a skilled and experienced dancer. Ultimately, I need to dance the dance of medicine in a way that fully expresses the essence of the dance, which is a dance of knowledge and compassion. A dancer that can persuade the music and choreography and express the essence of the dance, has an indefinable type th at only those with a pure love for their calling can possess. In dance, that special quality is what separates the average dancer from Baryshnikov or Pavlova. That aspect is one that intertwines unsurpassable skill with a focused relentless devotion to the task. Although I have danced since the age of three, I know I do not have this prima ballerina quality, but as a future doctor, this same kind of quality is what drives me.

“Dude, Where’s My Country?” Book Review

Dude, where is My Country is a book written by Michael Moore and published by Penguin Books in 2004. In this book, Moore provocatively and boldly discusses several socio-political events in America. He takes on George W. provide, the Conservative brigade and corporate wheeler dealers in America and offers wide ranging remedies which place the domains redemption squ arly on the shoulders of the liberal forces. The author dissects Americas problems in topics ranging from tax cuts, the Iraqi war, among others and demonstrates the failure of the nation-state to be a steer consequence of conservative ethos.Moore first seeks to debunk what he calls the Big Lie, that America is inherently and pervasively conservative. He terms this belief as a propagandist fib, perpetuated by the right in order to put down the liberal masses. .. So, in the tradition of all propagandists, they lie. They create an opposite truth the States IS CONSERVATIVE. Then they pound away with that false message so ha rd and so often that even their political opp nonpareilnts come to believe that its true, Moore asserts (Moore, 2003 page 2).To evidence that most Ameri arses are indeed liberal, Moore gives facts which demonstrate majority support for the Civil Rights movement, abortion, the Roe vs Wade ruling, the Green movement, gun restrictions, universal healthcare (or socialized euphony as he puts it), community as opposed to jail service for offenders, gay and lesbian rights and unionization. He then wonders why conservatives hold the rein of leadership in the country and proceeds to offer his ten cents worth. Chapter one poses seven seemingly rhetorical questions to Bush. Home of the Whopper is the heading of Chapter two and it serves as an allegorical forerunner of the issues presented herein. Here, the author discusses the lies told by the Bush administration before narrating a fable featuring his great-granddaughter who seeks to find out from him the state of the world when oil and pla stics were available and seeks to escort the reasons behind the failure of planning. In a sense, this chapter indicts the Bush administration for its lax energy policies and seems to suggest a bleak future for America occasioned by these policies.Chapter cardinal is titled The United States of Boo and it takes the form of an essay. In this chapter, Moore demonstrates that death through terrorism is statistically impossible. As he so ably shows, there are other countless and plausible ways through which Americans can die that terrorism threats count for nothing. The ruse by the conservative war makers is a cheat meant to take away Americans civil liberties. Nowhere is this more succinctly evidenced than in the Patriots Act, Moore infers.The next chapter delineates ways in which ordinary Americans can reduce acts of terrorism. In subsequent chapters, Moore launches into an angry offensive tirade against George W. Bush that is laced with acerbic humor. The Bush years are summarized as a failed brass and various facts adduced to support this claim. The war against Iraq is presented in great detail and used as an showcase to show Bushs weak leadership. Similarly, the Enron debacle, the infamous Bush tax cuts and the collapse of other firms are cited as products of failed economic policies.The author lays bare the association between Bush, Osama Bin Laden and Saudi Arabia. He goes on to make staggering claims about alleged business connections between the Bushes and the Saudi Arabia nobles. Contrary to the wishes of FBI and notwithstanding the fact that only four of the 19 hijackers were non-Saudis, the Bush regimen shielded the Saudi Arabians from investigations while other Arabs in America were apprehended just like the Japanese were during the post world war II interment.Moore dismisses the racy approval ratings enjoyed by Bush in 2004 thus the high ratings for Bush are not an endorsement of his policies. Rather, it is the response of a frightened country that has no choice but to back the man charged with protecting them. America has not fallen in love with Bush-its more like love the one youre (stuck) with. (Moore, page 6). Railing against the Christian Coalition, Moore eloquently makes pitch for a presidency built around persons who live and understand America as it is.In regard to this, he introduces the Draft Oprah for President movement. Oprah, it seems, is the very representation of this people president that America so desperately needs. A clarion call for liberals to present their country from the undesired hands of the conservatives is sounded. Moore gravely states that Democrats should not be left to screw up the 2004 election and instead details what he calls Operation 10-Minute oil Change where everybody is called upon to do something for ten minutes daily in an effort to drive out Bush and his oil cronies.While the book is written in an easy to understand language with poignant examples, some hard facts and disturbin g and weighty questions that inevitably stir up reflective thought, one cannot help void the feeling that it is grossly subjective and devoid of serious discourse. Additionally, Dude, Where is My Country seems like an unabashed endorsement of General Wesley Clark and the Democrat platoon. I do not fit in with Moore because his book is redolent with numerous misrepresentations, falsities and inaccuracies.In page 69, he deliberately misrepresents facts about Americans dealings with Iraq, conveniently trashing the provisions of UNs feed for oil program. He gives a long list of persons supposedly aggrieved with the Patriot Act in page 111. However, according to the sources he has given, the listed persons were never in every way affected by the legislation. In a brazen display of dishonesty, Moore claims that closure of schools in Oregon in 2003 was as a direct military issue of the Bush tax cuts whereas they were actually due to a new law that decoupled the states income tax system from that of the central government.There are many other claims which cannot stand the test. They seem to have been intentionally twisted so that they can prop his claims. Some of his assertions border on the speculative. A good example of this is the unsubstantiated claim that Saudi military acted in cahoots with Bush and the Saudi government to launch them. While some claims are backed by consentient fact, many others are not factual and it is precisely this reason that makes it hard to agree with Moore lock, stock and barrel.

Long term objectives

Unfortunately in management, it is difficult to find standard definitions for many commonly used terms, yet a common vocabulary and a common understanding are vital to supremacyful communication. The key terms for management are working with and through other people to accomplish the objectives of both(prenominal) the organization and its members.Management activities include planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating, leading and controlling getting results effectively through other people by process of delegation. Management system refers to the organizations construction for managing its processes or activities that transform inputs of resources into a product or service which meet the organizations objectives, such as satisfying the customers quality requirements, complying to regulations, or meeting environmental objectives.In strategic analysis for long term objectives, the framework can be used for examining the fits with managerial strategy. These fits fall into seve n broad areas (1) strategy (2) structure (3) share values, attitudes, and philosophy (4) approach to staffing the organization and its overall people orientation (5) administrative systems, practices, and procedures used to run the organization on a day-to-day basis, including the reward structure, dinner gown and informal policies, budgeting and programs, training and financial control (6) the organizations skills, capabilities, and core competencies and (7) style of management (how they allocate their time and attention), symbolic actions, their leadership skills, the way the superlative degree management team comes across to the rest of organization.Managers should strive to develop and attain a variety of objectives in all areas where activity is critical to the operation and success of the management system.Now taking example of PetsMart case, and by going through the all available resources of market information, feedbacks and opinions of general public, if we analyze their management, their rating should be as follows.(1) Strategy Strong.(2) Structure Average.(3) Shared values Average.(4) Approach to staffing the organization Strong.(5) Administrative system Weak.(6) Core competences Average.(7) Style of management Average.ResourceManagement By Patrick J. Montana, Bruce H. Charnov, publish 2000 Barrons Educational Series

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay

A considerate of contemporary management function of the employer-employee relationship The six journal articles that conduct been looked at stem from the original Locke, (1982) article. Frederick W. Taylor popularised of scientific management. The essay will discuss 5 aspects of Taylors ideas about scientific management and show how understandings of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship have been developed from Taylors ideas. What was Taylors idea about the management? Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of other(a)s so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. The ideas about the relationship between employer and employee have been developed from a nother. Retain critical employees is important and necessary. According to the Fitz-enz(1997), the company average losses 1 million with every 10 people who is the theater directorial and professional employees.In addition, the total cost of lea st a former employee at least a year of wages and benefits, up to two historic period of unpaid salary and benefits. This is a huge economic loss with a company loses a number of critical employees. As a manager, we must cash in ones chips employees adequate physiological, safety, love, esteem. One of the advice is managers should look into a mien to motivate employees to achieve a satisfactory and unmet needs through activities and exercises. Managers have a responsibility to piss a suitable environment to inspire employees to their fullest potential. If no such right environment, will lead to a big difference such as degrade job satisfaction, lower productivity, lower profit with a company. How to effectively improve the relationship between managers and employees? Taylor given 4 methods. (a) scientific management In Principles of Scientific Management (1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the Father of scientific management utilises scientific methods to define the one best way for a job to be done (b) Scientific selections.Taylor advocated selecting besides first class(i.e., high aptitude) men for a given job beca pulmonary tuberculosis their productivity would be several times greater than that of the average man. (c) Money bonus. Taylor claimed that the specie is what employees want most, he thinks employees should be paid from 30% to 100% higher wages for to do his job. (d) Management responsibility for training. Taylor thought that most contemporary managers should in full accept the notion that training new employees is their responsibility. My understanding about theemployer-employee relationship has also been shaped by these articles. I have learnt that (1) Scientific management post focus speed of production, low cost production and availability of an unskilled workforce. In addition, todays use of scientific management raft use time and motion studies to increase productivity, hire the best qualified employees and design incentive systems based on output. Equity theory is a theory of fond comparison effect on employees. This theory appears to be very common, but it is very important.Equity theory refers to the rate of employees with their work output and input compared with others. measure input includes the time of the work, work habits, work experience, work attitude, and so on. When they found unfair, they usually cant flip the rate of others, cant change their input, so employees will find ways to change their output. This may mean that they will reduce their work time or effort to work. Then, the manager can use the equity theory to motivate employees. Managers can use a more open system of remuneration paid for employees to understand apiece emplacement and every effort should position relative to how much salary can be get. (2) Scientific selections Everybody have their knowledge good aspects, based on each person strengths and rational allocation of work. As a result, not plainly can bring effectively produ ce but also can commit person enjoy their work. According to the Wren (1979) notes that Taylor focuses on scientific selection can promote the development of industrial psychology and personnel management and other areas. (3) Money bonus How to influence people?The most common method is money bonus. Such as up wages, bonuses, benefits. These things are the most effective way to influence the work of passion and power of a work. Through the Vrooms (1946) expectancy theory, we can find that an employee will play his better efforts when he is convinced that his efforts would be better evaluated. And these evaluations will bring him more rewards such as bonuses, salary increases. These rewards will meet staff personal goals. Individual employee attitudes and warmth in their work will determine to a large extent a companys performance. According to the Porter (1968) and Lawlers expectancy fashion model of motivation, this model proposes two factors that determine spending on a number of tasks energy.The first is the personal rewards from work to get. These returns will be the psychological perception of employees is their own work to be sure. The second is that these returns will be formed job satisfaction. (4) Managementresponsibility for training The staff training is an essential element of human resource management. Managers cant ignore their training responsibilities. Understanding management system in staff training in this area can swear out you build an effective training system to help you prepare new employees for their workTo sum up, from the six articles considered, scientific management can not only getting the most output from the least amount of inputs but also focus on those work activities that will help the company reach its goals. Taylors idea has shaped modern employer-employee relationships. Work is still specialised, personal are still trained. The quality of work is still rewarded in bonuses, as well as other.Reference1.Three chapters in The Ideas of Frederick W Taylor An Evaluation. 2.Wren, D. A. The evolution of management thought (2nd ed.). New York Wiley, 1979. 3.Towards a unified model of employee motivation / Darren J. Elding, Andrew M. Tobias and David S. Walk Chichester, West Sussex, England ass Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006 4.Kotter, John P. What effective general managers really do / John P. Kotter Boston etc. Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1982 5.Managing in the new millennium understanding the managers motivational tool bag / Patricia M. Buhl Burlington, Iowa, etc., National Research Bureau, etc., 2003 6.A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organiz Hollywood, FL Journal of American Academy of Business, 2004

Roles and Responsibilities in Lifelong Learning

Danny Bostock Roles and responsibilties in lifelong learning. Case study of a teacher/tutor/trainer in the lifelong learning sector. This role may be drawn from from a part of the sector in which you work, or where you inclination to work. Where appropriate, it will be acceptable for some of your information to be summarised in tables, charts or diagrams. You must include Clear evidence of relevant reading Inportant principles maestro valuesAtleast 3 references to support your findings Word count = 500-800 (+/- 10%) Summarise key aspects of legislation,regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to cause role and responsibilities As a consequence of a sheath which led to the life sentences of Marie-Therese Kouao and Carl Manning for the abuse and eventual murder of Victoria Climbie in 2003 a public enquiry was launched, which widely criticized many services put into placement to protect children.Associated reading Ann Gravells Teaching CycleMany failings where found a nd as a result a series of government measures where put into place to reduce the risks to defenceless children and young adults. The most relevant to the case of Victoria Climbie was the introduction of the children act 2004, and a freshly strategy ECM (every child matters -change for children) ,this was designed to meliorate the flawed system which led to such blinding incompetance from various departments as a result of not communicating with each other and sharing their findings in order to cross reference them.This has so far made huge improvements to the amount of support 0 to 19 year olds receive and as a result reduced the chances of repitition of cases such as this. Pg 1 Danny Bostock As part of this development towards higher levels of accountability in 2007 the learning and skills sector introduced a new framework of teacher qualification requirements which asked that all teachers, trainers and tutors working in colleges and other publicly funded organisations to hold an appropriate teaching qualification.In 2008 a code of practice was introduced concealment the activities of teachers working in the broader lifelong learning sector (LLL), to be regulated by the institute for learning(IFL). A number of the legislative provisions relate to my own work for brighter future workshop which is a community based social enterprise that provides supported vocational training and personal development opportunities to young mess with severe learning and physical disabilities from deprived local communities. This support is delivered in a safe and secure workshop enviroment.My job has many requirements from me such as safeguarding myself and my schoolchilds from various dangers as well as do sure our equal opportunities policy is applied in all activities each and every day in order to give the students the best possible experiences within their time with me. The policys principals require that Everyone is of equal value and worth Negative discrimination is unacceptable and will not be tolerated Attitudes which lead to harmful, prejudiced behaviour will be challenged and changedEvery trainee has different strengths and abilities it is our responsibility to enable each one to realise their full potential pg 3 Danny Bostock Hence BFW abides by the IFL code of practice, in its pursuit of professional integrity, respect for others and the care of learners, and is fully commited to fulfilling the five ECM outcomes for its young trainees, namely of being healthy, staying safe,enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving ergonomic well being.In order to ennsure my compliance with the relevant legislation (equality act 1977), within my workplace each and every student is at first assessed throughout various intervals in order to identify the differences in their learning abilities and styles, from this I can come up with a jut out of action on how to tailor my teaching methods around them so the student benefits fro m the classes as much as possible.This is made difficult in my workplace as needs abilities can vary on a regular basis aswell as reactions to surroundings, because of this our initial assessment is in a state of constant review. pardon your roles and responsibilities in lifelong learning for promoting equality and valuing diversity in maintaining a safe supportive learning environmentAt Brighter future we have a very successful programme that has provided dedicated , one to one vocational training and personal developmental support to young disabled and disadvantaged people for over septette years, with the aim of changing the lives of people who have significantly fewer opportunities than most people in society. My role is to support the training coordinator and workshop manager in the development of the following components aimed at maximising opportunity and accessibility for people who would otherwise be excluded from mainstream opportunities.Flexible personal training and development programmes have allowed trainees to progress at their own pace, thereby achieving a range of benefits in terms of improved life skills, greater self esteem and new technical/vocational abilities mavin to one mentoring and support by trained technicians has allowed disabled trainees to quickly gain confidence snd self belief, build trust and learn a range of mechanic and electrical skillsGroup tasks involving disabled beneficiaries and disadvantaged young people has removed social barriers such as discrimination and prejudice, and promoted greater social cohesion and wider awareness of disablement issues Danny Bostock Correctly structured and supported training that has enabled some disabled trainees to take on additional responsibilities as qualified mentors and/or training assistants,as well as the supervision of some operation tasks such as fault checks, stock deliveries and database support.Many disabled people remain on the margins of society and it is the role of all the staff at Brighter future to redress some of these inequalities. For example, young people in Lancashire with disabilities (and other special needs) are more likely to be living in poverty than their peers, and are twice as likely not to be in education, employment and/or trainingpost 16. pg 4

Media hint

IntroductionMedia has always been in the forefront as a radical vox all over the world, and naturally, it has invited the wrath of all the regimes autocratic and democratic alike. Among the media types, the broadcast media, particularly television has suffered the greatest suppression, whether it is in the Europe, the Americas, Africa or in the East. The most recent example comes from Pakistan, a Muslim nation in South Asia, where the armed services ruler Parvez Mushrraf had shut down the television stations soon after he suspended the constitution and imposed emergency.Broadcasting the transmitting of programmes to be heard simultaneously by an indefinitely large number of people is a social invention, not a technical one. (Curran J. & Seaton J., 2003). Television is perhaps the only modern media that had played a dual role, as a voice of the radical opinion and as a media of propaganda. The emergence of the global television has made revolts of the people and radical opinion in any part of the world irrepressible. This has always made headaches for the control elites to respond in the same manner, to use television itself in order to suppress the opinion.Revolt against televisionIncidents of revolt against television as a mirror of the truth drop occurred before the advent of the satellite television, where the regimes controlled the broadcasting system. The history can be traced from the wide spread information suppression and the iron curtain that characterised the erstwhile Soviet regime. Later we numerous incidents around the world, mostly in autocracies where the official television run by the regime, disseminated the news suppressing any otherwise viewpoint. This has occurred in Iraq, in other states of the Middle East like Saudi Arabia, Iran and mostly many of the Muslim Sheikdoms.Suppression, ideology and television dialogue has the decentness to define, persuade, inform and to disinform. An analysis of communication at the level of club and nation is obliged to recognise that truth is not necessarily separated from falsehood rather, the process of propaganda blurs the elements in order to be persuasive. Taylor (1986) puts the matter succinctlyCommunication with a view to persuasion is an inherent human quality. I can take place in a private conversation or a mass rally, in a church or cinema, as well as on a battlefield. It can manifest itself in the form of a statue or building, a coin or painting, a flag or a postage stamp. To the above list Taylor adds speech sermons,songs, art, radio waves, television pictures.Whether they cultivate between individuals or people in millions, the task of the analyst remains the same to investigate the intent of the act of communication and the ways in which members of the think audience respond to that communication. It is arguable that most mass communication, whether it is a party political broadcast, the TV news, a pop song, a soap opera or sitcom is in some way or another, t o a greater or a lesser extent is an exercise in propaganda. (Bagdikian A.,1987)Thompson identifies four forms of power exercised in society- economic, political, coercive and symbolic. Economic power emanates from the possession of wealth or the means by which wealth is generated political power rests in decision making arising from being in a position of elected, appointed or inherited authority coercive power springs from the use of, or potential use of, first-rate strength. Other classifications include position, resource, and charismatic power each overlapping with Thompsons categories and each one somehow connected with communication processes.Yet the media have never been all separate from or independent of the forces which create them and which in turn they shape and influence. They work as Thompson points out, within institutional frame works. As such, they operate as cultural apparatus, part of the machinery of state or of most powerful interest groups within the state. Historically media have more than oft served as the voice of the powerful than of the people. They have been classified by Althusser as one of the prime Ideological State Apparatuses, along with religion, family structures ad education that is, they are crucially important impart for the transmission of rules of conduct in society the guardians of a cultures dominant norms and values. They play a part in all power forms, including in a contributory sense coercive power.The Chinese revoltThe memorable television images that emanated from Beijing on June 4, 1989 indicated to viewers that the chinawares revolutionary activity had been efficaciously extinguished. The military show of force at Tiananmen Square preserved the political authority of Deng Ziaoping and the Chinese Communist Party for the short term. Following the historic ternary Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee meeting of the CCP in December 1978- a satellite based national television system was made a leave priority for achieving a wide range of propagandist objectives.Television was peaking as a communications medium in China during the troubled 1980s and had itself become a significant symbol of the national modernization. By the middle of the decade nearly e rattling urban household had bought a television receiver. But when push came to shove, televised reports of the military invasion of the student-worker encampment at Tiananmen Square were not transmitted in China. While the rest of the world tuned in to pictures of courageous students, intellectuals, and workers standing up to sentient being force of tanks and the political power of ageing bureaucrats, Chinese television viewers saw very different visuals and accounts of the tragic events in the capital city, and even those images came very late. Television had been forcibly restored to its original place as a blatant propaganda device.By managing television coverage of the brutal crackdown and subsequently constructing a mass ive propaganda onslaught, Chinese governing body officials hoped to re-establish social stability, reassert the place of the CCP as the nations legitimate political authority, and minimize ideological damage brought by the economic, political, cultural and social stresses that China experienced in the late 1980s.Why television news is so fearful? the other side of television newsThe research of the Glasgow University Media Group has been very controversial since the issuance of Bad News in 1976, as well as the subject of a great deal of criticism, not least from the journalists and broadcasters. Bad News was concern with the television coverage of industrial relations in 1975. the GUMGs analysis of the television news led it to conclude that viewers had been given misleading word-painting of industrial disputes, a portrayal that distorted the real situation.The groups work continued with More Bad News in 1980, which examined the language employ to describe the two sides in ind ustrial disputes. The descriptions attached to management were such that they persuaded the audience of the rightness of the management position against demands made by the unions. Trowler (1996) has produced an excellent compendium of the major findings of their studies.The vocabulary of broadcast news is biased against specific groups and this bias structures the listeners perspective. Stories are selectively report. The effects of strikes are reported more often than the causes of strikes. The visuals used are again selective and help to structure the message being put across. The tactics of the protestors are reported more often than their viewpoints, especially when the tactics are deemed antisocial.There is a hierarchy of access to the media, so the voices we mainly get to hear are those of experts, specialist and the establishment. News is reported from a particular ideological position. The media set the schedule for debate they tell us what to think about. They also act as gatekeepers, thus excluding some stories and including others. This rationale of these findings can be applied not only in bit the bad news by television but also in fighting an anti-people regime and sometimes in propaganda. This has been the mainstay in most of the democratic nations around the world. Even the Gulf War telecast by the CNN fits to this agenda. (Jones M. and Jones E. 1997)ConclusionTelevision of course is itself an tyrannical institution of sorts, one that articulates confidently and widely. Critics in all societies around the world, complain that the medium has the power to serve the interest of its owners by creating a narrow agenda and monopolizing public opinion, that it debases culture, and that it nearly mesmerizes viewers psychologically. Thus it has invited suppression around the nations.ReferenceCurran J. and Seaton J. (2003) Power without responsibility The press, broadcasting and new media in Britain, London Routledge. Boyd-Baret et.al. (ed). (1997) M edia in global background A reader, New York Arnold. Philip.M.Taylor M.P. (1986) Munitions of the mind A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day, New York Arnold Thompson J.B. (2002) The media and modernity A social theory of media, London sharp Jones M. and Jones E. (1997) Mass Media, London Macmillan. Bagdikian A. (1987). The Media Monopoly, Massachusetts Beacon Press.

Task

There atomic number 18 efferent proceeds for different types of differences that mustiness be followed by master copy workers in whatever types Of settings. Sometimes promoting Anti- loaded Practices whitethorn be threatening to workers as thither ar great salmagundis in legislation time to time. The legislations atomic number 18 there to pr eventidet portion out Workers from discriminating towards invitee assist users. Disability is a state or function that stand be judged severally as damage interpreted place. It causes consequences such as physical, sensory, cognitive and intellectual impairments due to mental illnesses and different types of diseases and situations.It effects souls organ or body part and may as well as effect individuals participation in life. This is why there is an Anti- Discriminatory practice that promotes alter individuals in participating in life and protects individuals from acquire discriminated. The act that am going to talk about is the Disability secretion Act 2005 (DAD) that relates to Disability. The main purpose of the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 is to improve the lives of incapacitate mountain by allowing them to carry out day to day activities. However, it does not mean the legislation creates new individual sights for the disabled mountain.The act is there to prevent individuals from getting discriminated due to the disabilities. The act ensures that all individuals be entitled to civilian rights in the way that they ar entitled to goods, run and facilities that argon needed for their needs. The DAD is overly there to encourage other communities to help provide regulations which would break the barrier that has been causing discrimination this is done providing reasonable adjustments like Providing Transport but in like manner booking premises check if wheelchairs etc are accessible.Share personal details if needed. Improve access route within the location. - Communicate with disabled person about services that are provided and explain how to improve accessibility. Updated Technology for example Telephone with text displayed for a Deaf person. - Treat disabled person like either other customer (Respect and Value them) Provide readers and interpreter for meetings, interviews or consultation. - Employers or individuals should remember that not all disabilities can be seen, some can be hidden.Encourage the company to champion and encourage disabled tidy sum. Anti- Discriminatory Practices being promoted in a health and Social thrill setting In order to promote Anti- Discriminatory Practices in the Health and Social deal out Settings, heraldic bearing Workers must train, keep up to date with changes within the legislations, policies and technology as procedure may change over the years, as procedures may change, Care Workers must learn the new procedures to continue on their professionalism in the Career.Care Workers must be informed about the changes in Equ ality, Diversity and mightys and also any other aspects of Health and Social Care such as the four ethical Principles, Hess are sectors that must be taken into account to protect the Client Service Users, the sectors are Justice- this is where people must be treated fairly with respect no matter the differences. An example of this would be, even though a man may be Dyslexic, he should be treated with respect rather than treating him stupidly. Anatomy- this is where a persons choice must be valued. Beneficence- this is where Care Workers take respond and take action in way that benefits their Client Service Users. They take on risks and costs. An example of this may be, cost of Electronic Wheelchair for a person ho cannot walk. - Non- Maleficent- this is where Care Workers shouldnt let harm caused by treatments and inventions affect the benefits of their treatment with the Client Service Users. An example of this may be, even if a disabled person has been treated in a Hospital and obtains a lot better, A Care Worker cannot say Your feeling better, you dont need me, another Client needs my help more than you. This sort of behavior is not acceptable and professional as Care Workers main purpose is too help anyone who is in need of help. These four principles are there to help doorkeeper Care Workers On how to protect Client Service users. Other than the Four Ethical Principles, there are also other procedures that go away help Care Workers to keep professionalism and to also help Client Service User by following the Care Value Base, Charter of Rights and the Code of Practice The Care Value Base is Principles that would help keep Care Workers and Client Service Users relationship professional.These Principles are The advancement of Anti- Discriminatory Practice. An example for this would be promoting the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 for Disabled People. The promotion and support of dignity, freedom and safety. Care Workers should look after the well-b eing of a Disabled individual. - Respect for and Acknowledge of personal principles and an individuals identity. Care Workers should show the Disabled person that although they have their difference, they are valued in the aforesaid(prenominal) way as any other individual. They wont be treated unequal. The maintenance of Confidentiality. Care Workers should prove to the Disabled person that Care Worker can be trusted unless there are risks Confidentiality may be broken in order to prevent any trouble of harm. - Protection from abuse and Harm. Care Workers should ensure Disabled people that their Health and Safety is very important The promotion of effective communication and relationship. An example for this would be a Deaf person, as they cannot hear Care Workers may bring in for them a worker who may be able to communicate with them through Signs.The promotion of personalized (individual) care. An example of this would be that the disabled individual would be entitled to care t hat fits their needs. In Health and Social Care, Charter of Rights is standards that are expected from the Service. Client Service Users are entitled of these rights. For instance, as for a Disabled person they are entitled to Right to be respected. Disabled person should feel that they are valued although they may not be the same as others. Rights to Safety from Harm. Disabled people should feel as if they are protected. Right to be allowed Privacy.Disabled people should feel as if they have some blank shell no matter what their situation may be. Right to Confidentiality. Disabled people should feel as if they can trust the Health and Social Care Settings. Right to have access on you. Disabled people should feel as if they are entitled to looking at their own deiced health status. - Right to independence and Choice. Disabled people are entitled to being dependent on them and should always be entitled to choices. Right to Freedom of Speech. Disabled People should feel as if they ca n have a say in anything.They should feel as if they are allowed to express their feelings or opinions etc. Right to be seen within a reasonable time scale. Right to celebrate your own Culture and Beliefs. Disabled people should feel as if their Cultures and Beliefs are respected and valued. Right to be able to communicate in your own language. Disabled people should be allowed to speak in their own language therefore, Care Workers should bring in translators or interpreters etc. Right to be supportive. Disabled people should feel as if Care Workers are by their side. They shouldnt feel alone and lonely.Right to make their own decisions. Disabled people should be allowed to decide on choices that relates to them and decisions shouldnt always be made for them. Code of Practice is another way of promoting Anti- Discriminatory practice. It is there to guide Care Workers on their roles, responsibilities and rights. It is there to remind Care Workers of what their job is about. The pract ices for this act are To respect Diversity of Clients, to be Non- Discriminatory. To treat with Equality and Equity. To respect their Rights, Cultures and Beliefs of Client Service User. To empower Client Service Users. To promote independence and choice of Client Seen,ice Users. Not to Marginals or Disemboweled Client Service users. These principles and the DAD are there to guide Care Worker. Care Workers in the right direction but to also allow them to feel as if they are committed to the Principle and Legislations. Furthermore, Care Workers can also rumoring individual rights these can be shown in waiting rooms, receptions, canteens etc, for Client Service Users to see, but to also show Client Service Users that Care Workers are winning their job seriously.Furthermore, promoting individual rights can be read out to Client Service user, not however that, if Care Worker is unsure, they are also provided a handbook, which shows Equality, Diversity and Rights, so that their job ca n still stay professional. Care Workers can also empower individuals, so that individuals feel as if they are able to make choices and decisions on their own behalf. Care Workers do his to show Client Service Users, that the Health and Social Care settings are there to support them but to also show them that, the service only care about their best interests.The Principles and the DAD is there to also inform Client Service lesser that they are equal and same as any other individual. The Principle and the DAD are there to promote to Anti- Discriminatory Practice. To prove to Disabled people that they do not tolerate any sort of discrimination but to also show that the Health and Social Care Settings are by their sides. Asses the catch of a recent National Policy promoting Anti Discriminatory Practice The DAD 2005 is the amended version of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995.The Disability Discrimination Act 1 995 main purpose was to promote rights and encourage organizations. How ever the DAD 2005 promotes towards the public, the main purpose of the natural law is to promote the Disability equality and get down action plans for the public. This Legislation also goes toward people with HIVE and Students with Disabilities. The Anti- Discriminatory Practice is there so that the public can also follow Laws and Regulations that would prevent discrimination towards people who may have capabilities, this is done by ensuring that all services are planned and covered.If any one does not follow these regulations, scones ounce will come across. Difficulties that may arise when implementing Anti Discriminatory Practice in a Health & Social care Settings The Difficulties that may arise when implementing Anti-Discriminatory Practices in Health and Social Care settings are that if Care Workers are not prepared or motivated in their jobs they may discriminate as they will not realize. Furthermore, not following Code of Practices, Charter of Rights and Care Value Base, thi s would lead to discrimination as Care Workers and ClientService would not have any Rules and Regulations to follow. Not only that, if Care Workers are not trained properly, Client Service User may not attend sessions which could cause future problems in the society as Client Service Users may not understand the Rules and Regulations that are set up for them. Not following professional standards can also lead to kickshaw Actions and dismissal. Successes of Recent Initiative in Promoting Anti- Discriminating Practice The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 is a law, which means that if anyone goes against this law, serious acts would take into consideration.The main repose of the law is eliminating discrimination toward people who have disabilities. The act ensures that every individual is treated with Equality, Diversity and Rights. This is why promoting Anti- Discriminatory Practice is successful, as it is a method of preventing discriminations. prospered as the Disability Discrim ination Act 2005 and other Anti- Discriminatory Practices are there to promote all individuals to follow Procedures and Policies.For instance, in the Health and Social Care Settings, there is applying the Care Value Base, which is there for both Care Workers and Client Service users in alluding up relationships, so that no discrimination is caused between them, or the Charter of Rights which is there for Client Service Users, to inform them on what they expect from organizations or the Code of Practice which is there to remind Care Workers to treat Disabled people or other people fairly, equally and respectfully etc.Furthermore, the Legislations is also successful as there is contain uses training provides for Care Workers and also Technology, Procedures are always updated, which means Procedures would work along side with the coming years. The Legislations also helps as it helps Care Workers to empower individuals and help care workers on how to deal with any sort of discrimination or conflicts which may occur or vice versa, if individuals are discriminated, they would know what help to get. Ways of Overcoming Difficulties which may arise when implementing Anti- Discriminatory Practices.There are ways of overcoming difficulties when implementing Anti- Discriminatory Practices. For instance, in the Health and Social Care Setting, Care Workers are trained with skills seeing both sides of the arguments. Being willing to listen. not taking sides. Not sulking and letting things fester. Ewing good at quick thinking. - Looking for solutions and not getting bogged down in personal issues. These are skills that sort Conflict. Care Workers must be Professional and Positive as negativity can cause more problems.Furthermore, other ways of overcoming difficulties is by giving advice and guidance (rights) by implementing from the governing body of policies and guidelines by manager. Furthermore, explaining to worker and individuals of the consequence when breaking the ru les Of the Anti- Discriminatory practices. Care Workers can use the Complaints Procedure. These are procedures that al organizations and smaller work places have to follow as the law has made this one of the way of sorting out any conflicts.The Compliant Procedure is there to show Client Service User that any Complaints they have would be dealt effectively and efficiently as Complaints are not acceptable. The Health and Social Care Setting would investigate Complaints properly, even after relations with Compliant, if Client Service Users are not satisfied with the procedures they may complain further or even be entitled to receive compensation if they are harmed. The Anti- Harassment is another policy where all organization must follow a logic of law which deals with any sort of harassment.Harassment on the basis of Sexuality, gender, disability, belief etc Advocacy is another way of overcoming any difficulties as a Care Worker is there to represent their Client Service User as the y may be young, vulnerable or even elderly. They support their Client so that they dont get discriminated or neither feels as if they are alone. Conclusion In conclusion, a National Initiative is a policy that is implemented by the government. This is why Anti- Discriminatory Practices are put into organizations so that individuals are not discriminated.

Pit Bull Research Paper

strike off tinkers damns atomic number 18 a Misunderstood Breed Pit bulls be the most misunderstood cut across breeds in the world. When people describe the word pit bull they automatically think of labels fighting and attacking. When people say pit bull theyre usually referring to a range of breeds and, often, a mixed-breed dog. (Lawrence, C Louisville Magazine Feb 2007) People think they are a very weighty breed of dog. Be set about of this, both(prenominal) areas do not allow pit bulls and breeds exchangeable them. Pit bulls are the leading culprit of dog bites in the States, but on the other hand, they are the gentlest dogs people will ever meet.The National Canine inclination Testing Association tested 122 breeds of dog and Pit bulls placed the 4th highest with a 95% passing rate. (http//atts. org Feb 2012) With this event it can only be how the dog is raised. People who own Pit bulls should be obligated to train their dog well. With any dog you remove to train it so the owner has the upper hand. Owners need to know that they have to be dominant and for their dog to be obedient towards their orders. The dog comes second to themselves. Pit bulls are one of the most gentle of the breeds.Pit bulls are notable therapy dogs who visit patients that are recovering from emotional trauma. Pit bulls are also used for their service in sniffing out drugs on the borders due to their sentience of smell being stronger than any other breed. These dogs are corking family dogs and were babysitters in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. American Pit Bull Terriers were introduced into the United States of America during World War I and World War II. The purpose of the creation of the Pit Bull was to deliver messages back and forth across the battlefield during battle.Pit Bulls were send-off bred to bait bulls as a sport back in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well, but soon became used as house pets due to their friendliness towards people. They were also known as great babysitters because of their intuition to protect their loved ones. These facts in themselves should open up peoples eyes to the Pit Bull breed not being an aggressive breed simply because they history proves that they had become great pets. A known fact to share is that Theodore Roosevelt owned a pit bull while he was president and his dog was a great sidekick for him in office.His dog provided arctic for him, and not just because their dog was fierce, it was because he knew that specific dog could defend, be trained well, and become obedient. Owning a pit bull in todays society has one of two reactions, they are adored or they are terrifying. The myths and horror stories that people say are why many fear them. They do not have lock jaw like many seem to think. Lock jaw is when a dog bites gobble up on something and cant let go. A vast majority of the population is known to conceptualize that they have a killer instinct that does not stop, which is entir ely not true.One cannot believe everything one reads or hears. in that location are two sides to every story, yet in this case, in that respect are two sides to every breed. Pit bulls are like any other dog, they have to be trained and if trained right, they can be great family pets. When a pit bull falls in the men of a bad owner than that is when you may have a problem. Its easiest to understand this way Suppose a child has physically abusive parents, theyre either going to grow up believing that harming someone is the only way to teach a lesson, or become skittish towards unfamiliar surroundings.Its very similar to a dogs life. Theyre known to be physically damaging because they, themselves are physically damaged, because theyre tough. It all makes sense experience if its looked at from every angle of perspectives. Training a dog is not an easy thing, but dogs need extensive training so on that point will be fewer incidents. It is the concept of nature versus nurture. To th is day, there are no facts about this either but both sides have great points and there is no set truth but everyone seems to have an opinion. An un desex male pit bull is 2. times more likely to bite then a neutered male. In addition, male pit bulls are 6. 2 times more likely to bite then female pit bills. In a study evaluating canine temperament, 82% of dogs received a passing score, 86. 8% of those dogs where American pit bull terrier (1800PetMeds. com Feb. 2012). There are ways to avoid incidents when in converge with these animals. When approached by a pit bull always remain calm, approach the dog slowly from the side not from the back. Do not provoke the dog always ask the owners to pet the dog first.If an aggressive dog approaches you do not panic, give the dog firm commands like sit, stay, and easy, then back outside slowly. When owning a pit bull socialize the dog with people and other animals, get them familiar with animals and people including children. Isolated dogs can become vicious and dangerous so be cautious when in contact with a not so friendly dog. (Skloot, R Aug 2007 Prevention Vol. 59, Issue 8 Pgs. 196-198) Banning a breed, which the technical words are breed specific legislation, is not a good idea.Putting a ban on pit bulls is a less than great idea because people will continue to own pit bulls and hide them or even abandon their dog(s) and leave them to die. The irresponsible owners should deal with heavier fines and possibly lock up time and this might s upkeep these owners into training their pit bull properly. There is no proven fact that banning pit bulls will cut pop on the number of bites. Not every bull type is a killer so banning bull types is not a good idea. There are many different bull types and it is hard to choose which ones are dangerous.Most cities do not allow pit bull breeds, but why is it that a dog with 10% pit bull in it and 90% Labrador in it should be banned? There are also many apartment complexes that do not allow pit bulls, or other accepted breeds of dogs, this is dog discrimination. There are many stories of pit bull dogs doing great things but for some reason, the bad stories are the ones people remember. Dog lovers need to do more to help this breed work towards a better reputation. Dog discrimination is a real thing People can search for it online.There have also been many cases where certain breeds, namely pit bulls, are not allowed at certain dog parks. This is not politically or socially right. Pit Bulls were born to be great helpers and family pets they are loyal, independent, friendly and lovable pets. Any pit bull owner will explain how wonderful they are with children, other pets and just about anyone. A friend and current pit bull owner, Sandy Sweeney mentioned My dog, Sargent, is my go around friend. I feel safe when he is around and know that he would never hurt a soul.He is wonderful with my son and the most loyal animal. I would be the first person to tell anyon e how awesome pit bulls are as pets. (S. Sweeney, October 2012) There are numerous articles online as well stating that pit bulls are great dogs and there bad reputations need to change and are dishonest. Overall, there are many stories good and bad describing the temperament of pit bulls but at the same time, there are many stories good and bad describing dog stories as well. Although there are some facts that Pit Bulls re the leading cause of dog bites in America, no one can simply use that to say that Pit Bulls are bad dogs and deserve a bad reputation. It comes down to nature vs. nurture and if you raise and train a dog well, any breed, people will see an amazing, wonderful creature who is loyal and with a halcyon temperament. In conclusion the pit bull is a misunderstood, gentle giant that people need to take the time and get to know. The reason why this account was written is so people have the knowledge when dealing with this type of dog.There are irresponsible dog own ers out there that dont care about the actions of their dog. This causes the dogs to have a reputation that no good pit bull owner wants their dog to have. As was stated before, banning pit bulls is a dangerous move to make because there will most likely be more animal cruelty acts upon these gentle beasts. References (http//atts. org Feb 2012) (Lawrence, C Louisville Magazine Feb 2007) From UOP (Skloot, R Aug 2007 Prevention Vol. 59, Issue 8 Pgs. 196-198) From UOP (S. Sweeney, October 2012) (1800PetMeds. com Feb. 2012)

Albatross Unit 3 Assignment

Introduction This case mainly deals with the varying types of operational challenges that Albatross base is currently facing. The set is non a major issue for the organization and it is able to sell its products at a reproducible market rate however it is unable to realise its full profit potency due to the forepart of a lot of operational inefficiencies. It is evident that if the firm is able to overcome all of these challenges, it crapper exculpate the same level of profits as that of their competitors and base excessively facilitate their future growth exponentially.We fall in besides analyzed two possible options which can be implemented and have assessed of which may be the most viable option for the company. We have also reached on a conclusion regarding the benefits the company can reap by implementing the strategies in their operational management plan. Question One Based on the teaching presented in the scenario/case study discuss Albatross Anchors competitiven ess in congenator to (please address all items in the below list and provide support for your conclusions) 1. Cost ) Cost of end product Due to the presence of operational inefficiencies, Albatross Anchor is unable to reduce their be as a result of which they have a lower profit margin. Therefore, they have a cost of production injustice as compargond to their competitors. b) Economies of Scale in material purchasing They can enjoy Economies of Scale when it comes to purchasing materials. buy in bulk means they can get discounts from the suppliers on their purchase. c) Cost of Raw Materials school term tempestuous in the W atomic number 18houseThe increased amount of goods stored in the warehouse means that Albatross Anchor also needs to incur higher amounts of holding costs of storing the large amounts of enrolment. Holding costs refers to the cost of carrying an inventory and may include costs such as, depreciation, deterioration, spoilage, taxes and insurance to name a fe w. d) Cost of Finished Goods Sitting Idle in the Warehouse For the international orders the inventory of finished goods stays in the inventory on with the raw materials since the production is only done in humbled batches.This ultimately increases the holding cost for two the finished goods as well as the raw materials. 2. Speed of manufacturing process from order to finished product. Since the products are produced in limited quantities all the raw materials can be used more effectively. This also reduces the turning of complexities during the manufacturing process. before long their production is strictly dependent on the amount of demand for their products. 3. Flexibility in fill order(s) The manufacturing process is very constrained and is not flexible enough to house the smooth production of two different types of products.Each individual type of prime requires their exclusive set of manufacturing line and therefore the cadence required to switch from one mode to anoth er manufacturing mode requires 36 hours which is quite a abundant time. 4. Technology The manufacturing process is deprived of new technology, making the process even more painstakingly slow. They are still using the traditional methods of making the anchors. 5. Capacity and facilities The current plan of their facilities is clearly insufficient for managing their operations smoothly.The space for storing the finished goods and the raw materials is located towards the far south of the entire facility and it takes a tidy amount of time and effort to ship the finish goods from there. If the manufacturing field of operation is moved closer to the shipping area it will save considerable amount of time in shipping these finished products. The foundry is not a part of the manufacturing department which notwithstanding impairs the smooth flow of work in the production process. If the foundry is moved towards the manufacturing process it may increase the firms ability to cater to inter national orders more quickly.For having a mixed model of manufacturing process the focus Factory process can be used. The Focused Factory aims for a narrow range of products and processes as a result these factories are also small and quite simple and focus on only one or two products. 6. Service to customers Currently Albatross Anchors only sell their products through OEM customers and to the distributors. Apart from this, their products are of superior quality and are operable to the customers in two varied forms. This not only gives Albatross Anchors greater choice, but also ensures that it leads to greater customer satisfaction.However, due to its current operational management procedures it is unable to reap the benefits of it as compared to their competitors. Question 2 There are many ways that mushroom/bell anchors may be fabricate. Albatross Anchor is considering two new manufacturing processes ( execute A and Process B) to reduce costs. Analysis of the information below will support determine which process has the lowest carve upeven point (this validates the process is more cost effective). For each process the quest frigid costs and variable costs are identified below Anchor and Process Process A Process BSale price per anchor $45. 00 $45. 00 Total Fixed cost $ 650,000. 00 $950,000. 00 variant cost per anchor $ 36. 00 $ 29. 99 Based on the information in the table above over(p) the table below Anchor and Process Process A Process B (a) Fixed costs per anchor $9 $15. 01 (b) The total number of anchors to attainbreakeven point for Process A and Process B 72,222 units 63,291 units (c) Based on your calculations which Process (A or B) that you would recommend for adoption (you can select only one). disport make sure to explain how you arrived at your conclusion.Ans. (a) At Break until now Point Total tax revenue = Total cost i. e. p*x = v*x + F where, p = Sales scathe per Anchor v = Variable Cost per Anchor F = Total fi xed Cost x = Total Anchors to be manufactured for Break Even. Since, p*x = v*x + F = (p-v)*x = F = (p-v) = F/x i. e. (p-v) = Total fixed cost per Anchor Now Total fixed cost per anchor for Process A = (pA -vA) = (45-36) = $9 per Anchor Total fixed cost per anchor for Process B = (pB-vB) = (45-29. 99) = $15. 01 per Anchor Ans. b) (p-v)*x = F = x = F/(p-v) Number of units to be manufactured at break even For Process A xA = FA/(pA-vA) = 650,000/ (45-36) = 72,222. 22? 72,222 units to be manufactured at break even. For Process B xB=FB/(pB-vB) = 950,000/ (45-29. 99) = 63,291. 14? 63,291 units to be manufactured at break even. Ans. (c)Process B should be adopted for two reasons (1) The break-even point for process B is 63291 units which is less than that of process A at 72,222 units, so process B is more cost effective. 2) Process B is also better than Process A in terms of the Operating supplement which can be defined as the change in net income per unit increase in sales volume. Mathematically, operating leverage can be pen as follows Operating Leverage = F/(vx*) where x*is units to be manufactured at Break Even point. Operating leverage for process A = 650,000/(36*72222) = 0. 25 Operating leverage for process B = 950,000/(29. 99*63291) = 0. 5 Therefore the process B is also better in terms of the operating leverage as opposed to process A. ConclusionAlthough Albatross Anchors produces only two types of products it has huge growth potential which still remains untapped. They can surely achieve more than their current growth rate. They can also undertake other important initiatives which can significantly increase their competitiveness. For instance, product diversification, improved operational processes, and greater employee satisfaction may all contribute in increasing their success in marketplace and further fuel their productivity. As clearly evident from the calculations, implementation of process B in the company can prove to be quite fruitful.

Organisation behavior Essay

1. What performance problems is the headman trying to correct? Ans. 1. In the given scenario the problem projected by the practice of law chief is that the young officers who come to the police force are non at each good at doing write up belong, they find it boring and hate it. They are lots interested to stomach out on the streets, either in cars or on a beat instead of doing paper stimulate while sitting in the office. They frequently put off the job or do it inadequately which results in unclear and ambiguous reports which cause the police department to lose court cases. some other problem is that the captain is finding it difficult to figure out the possible ways to motivate them to do the paper work effectively and efficiently. There are various problems related to the employee need, ability of officers to perform task, overlook of role perception and antithetical situational factors. 2. Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to make the possibl e causes of the unacceptable behavior. Ans. According to the MARS model of individual behaviour there are quaternary factors that directly influence voluntary individual behaviour and performance.Those factors are Motivation, Ability, Role perceptions and Situational factors. We laughingstock use the spoil model to diagnose the causes responsible for different problems in the given scenario. The causes are as follows 1. Lack of motivation Motivation is the force within the person that affects his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour. As the captain has stated in the scenario that he is facing problem to find ways to motivate the employees. He doesnt vex any financial rewards at his disposal and since the nature of job is very boring and no(prenominal) of the employees find it interesting.It clearly shows that there is a lack of motivation amongst the employees 2. Ability There is reasons that led to the wretched perception of not taking paper wo rk seriously by the young and inexperienced police officer. The main reason would be their perception of the role as law enforcers who should be involved in crime prevention, apprehension criminals and serving the community. As well as a lack of proper study on paper work when entering the work force. 3. Role Perceptions Role perceptions are also weak, because the police officers were not properly trained for all of the tasks required in their role.During the training, they were trained to do the job they do out on the street instead of doing paperwork. 4. Situational Factors Due to the budget crunch, the police officers might not produce enough time or appropriate tool to facilitate in report writing i. e. unless one computer for the entire department which may cause delay in delivering the paper work. 3. Has the captain considered all possible solutions to the problem? If not, what else might be done? Ans. Yes,captain considered all possible solutions to solve the problems.To dish up to motivate the officers, team competitions were established. These were based on the excellence of the reports. The competition provided no reward. An idea suggested to the Captain is to accept financial rewards as incentives, based on the number of conviction records.Accounting TeamFor the past five dollar bill years I have been working at McKay, Sanderson, and smith Associates, a mid-sized accounting firm in Boston that specializes in commercial accounting and audits. My particular specialty in accounting practices for shipping companies, ranging from elflike fishing fleets to a couple of the big firms with ships along the East Coast. About 18 months ago McKay, Sanderson, and Smith Associates became part of a large fusion involving two other accounting firms. These firms have offices in Miami, Seattle, nightstick Rouge, and Los Angeles.Although the other two accounting firms were much larger than McKay, all common chord firms agreed to avoid centralizing the prof ession around one office in Los Angeles. Instead the new firm abuseed Goldberg, Choo, and McKay Associateswould rely on teams across the country to leverage the synergies of our collective goledge (an often-cited statement from the managing partner soon afterwards the merger). The merger affected me a year ago when my boss (a senior partner and vice president of the merger) announced that I would be working more closely with three people from the other two firms to conk out the firms new shipping industry accounting team.The other team members were Elias in Miami, Susan in Seattle, and Brad in Los Angeles. I had met Elias briefly at a meeting in New York city during the merger but had never met Susan or Brad, although I knew that they were shipping accounting professionals at the other firms. ab initio the shipping team activities involved e-mailing each other almost new contracts and prospective clients. Later we were asked to fork out joint monthly reports on accounting sta tements and issues. Normally I submitted my give monthly reports to summarize activities involving my own clients.Coordinating the monthly report with three other people took much more time, particularly because different accounting documentation procedures across the three firms were still being resolved. It took numerous e-mail messages an a a few(prenominal) telephone calls to work out a reasonable monthly report style. During this aggravating process it became bareto me at leastthat this team business was costing me more time than it was worth. Moreover, Brad in Los Angeles didnt have a clue about how to communicate with the rest of us. He rarely replied to e-mail.Instead he often used the telephone tag. Brad arrived at work at 930 a. m. in Los Angeles (and was often late), which is early afternoon in Boston. I typically have a flexible work schedule from 730 a. m. to 330 p. m. so I can chauffeur my kids after school to sports and music lessons. So Brad and I have a window of less than three hours to share schooling. The biggest nuisance with the shipping specialist accounting team started two weeks ago when the firm asked the tetrad of us to develop a new strategy for attracting more shipping firm business.This new strategical plan is a messy business. Somehow we have to share our thoughts on various approaches, agree on a new plan, and write a unified submission to the managing partner. Already the project is taking most(prenominal) of my time just writing and responding to e-mail and talking in conference calls (which none of us did much before the team formed). Susan and Brad have already had two or three misunderstandings via e-mail about their different perspectives on delicate matters in the strategic plan. The worst of these disagreements required a conference call with all of us to resolve.Except for the most basic matters, it seems that we cant understand each other, permit alone agree on key issues. I have come to the conclusion that I w ould never want Brad to work in my Boston office (thanks goodness hes on the other side of the country). Although Elias and I seem to agree on most points, the overall team cant form a common vision or strategy. I dont know how Elias, Susan, or Brad feel, but I would be quite happy to work somewhere that did not require any of these long-distance team headaches. Question 1. What type of team was formed here?Was it necessary, in your opinion? Ans. * Virtual team * Virtual teams are teams whose members operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries and are joined together through entropy technologies to achieve organizational tasks. This mean that the members of the virtual teams usually do not work in the same physical area, but only primarily depend on information technologies to communicate and coordinate their works. * I think it was necessary because all the firms were trying to avoid centralizing the business around one office in Toronto.Also employees are from the different cities of the country they need the colloquy technologies to combine them into one team. 2. Use the team effectiveness model in Chapter 9 and related information in this chapter to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this teams environment, design, and processes. Ans. a. Strengths * Environment no strengths * Design small groups, Virtual team * Processes no strengths b. WEAKNESSES * Environment there is no reward for team. * Design The members of this team are in standardised positions in the company which may hard to elect a leader.ProcessesVirtual team may have little team cohesion. In addition, Virtual team may also cause difficulty on informal communication because they never meet face to face, so there is little interaction between the team members 3. Assuming that these four people must continue to work as a team, remember ways to improve the teams effectiveness. Ans. They should have certain virtual face-to face meeting multiplication during each week. * The y need to have a team leader who will coordinate the team. They should get the jeopardy to meet in person so that they can have a chance to establish their norms, and work out their disagreements properly.s

Affect of Fast Food

Primary Factors that run Choice of spendthrift-flying sustenance PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHOICE OF FAST FOOD AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND DIFFERENTIATIONS IN HEALTH PERSPECTIVES RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF FAST FOOD ABSTRACT The objective of this question is to identify the meeting that civilization has on the ingestion of speedy forage and to comp atomic number 18 the difference in buying expression in assorted countries.Fin bothy, this plump give investig cod the major(ip) factors that affect customers prime(prenominal) in extravagant nourishment and to apprehend the recountingship between feed expenditures and healthyness. This make has made a qualitative examination of stead closely solid pabulum drug addiction among idiosyncratics of divers(a) nationalities and ethnicities in versatile countries specifically as named to pulmonary tuberculosis of lush feed through an blanket(a) re eyeshot of literature in a content authorshi ped in interpretive and descriptive findings.lit reviewed in this mull over is of an academic and peer-reviewed nature and promulgated in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a new-fangled nature. Globalization is gr erasely c respite society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer plectrons, lifestyle, individual preferences, sociableization and custom and at the comparable time all of these factors argon individualizing and changing specific aspects of selling for unshakable diet restaurants such(prenominal) as McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and early(a)s.In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding immobile forage is a coordination compound focus of research because legion(predicate) diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of unfaltering forage and indeed the non- nourishmentness (Kwan, 1999) this schooling has raise that non- f ar related factors affecting consumer choice of agile fodder establishments on a local anaesthetic and international basis implicate factors such as (1) individual choice (2) religious (3) collection preferences (4) health-related factors (5) location and availability of restaurant choices (6) costs (7) socialization (8) time purchasable for take in (9) with whom they argon immerseing the nourishment (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a readying nutrition restaurant. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this research is to identify the impact that culture has on the function of extravagant(a) nutrient and to compargon the difference in buying air in diametric countries. Finally, this work will investigate the major factors that affect customers choice in tight nutriment and to understand the relationship between fare consumptions and health. INTRODUCTION This direct focuses on the factors that affect the choice of close viands by individuals in various coun tries throughout the ball and specifically as related to buying behavior as related to consumptions of steady fodder and health perceptions among these individuals and antithetic cultures. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYM all studies defecate cited health-related affects from flying fare consumption thitherfore this written report has sought to investigate the factors that affect the choice of abstain fodder among different individuals in various countries throughout the world and the related health perceptions of these individuals as related to consumption of degraded provender. METHODOLOGY This study has made a qualitative examination of steadfasting nutriment consumption among individuals of various nationalities and ethnicities in various countries specifically as related to consumption of fast intellectual nourishment through an extensive review of literature in a study reported in interpretive and descriptive findings. Literature reviewed in this study is of an academi c and peer-reviewed nature and published in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a recent nature. INTRODUCTIONGlobalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast solid diet restaurants such as McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and some others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast nutrient is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast fodder and indeed the non- feedness (Kwan, 1999) of fast food must be examined. Non-foodness is a term coined in the work of Kwan (1999) which is a term apply to refer to other reasons that fast food is chosen for consumption among consumers internationally. These factors will be specifically foc used on in this study. query QUESTIONS ) What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? 2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? 3) What are the uncomplicated feather factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from various countries of the world? 4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- ethnic issues surrounding food consumption? 5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? LITERATURE REVIEWThe work of Jiang (2006) authorize Ameri nominate Fast Food in Chinese Culture states that the research reported is of a study that examined the affects of Ameri lot fast food culture on Chinese consume habits and the perceptions that the Chinese population be in possession of on their general health statuses and the effects of American fast food on Chinese health. Factors listed in this study for consumption of fast food included (1) Convenience (2) Speed (3) Clean and quiet purlieu (4) Children being the reason for visiting fast food establishments. Included in reasons for visiting fast food establishments by the Chinese individuals interviewed by Jiang were the reasons express as (1) Cleanliness and 2) Preference for the food. In the country of mainland mainland china Jiang (2006) states that discovers such as McDonalds and KFC represent the attainment of the desired urban Chinese life. They are move intos where small companies started by recent college graduates hold office meetings. They are habitual dating spots among the young adults and quiet corrects to hail away from the hustle and bustle of metropolitan life for the increase population of white collar workers. The puff up lit, standardized and clean restaurants represent the antithesis o f the traditionalistic Chinese restaurant in which franchises are rare, busy meal time are always loud, and the older generations tend to prefer. (Jiang, 2006) Jiang relates that these fast food restaurants in chin mindful place an emphasis on the culture and social status which is reflected in the business strategies of the fast food companies in targeting the young generation with weight loss salads, quiet environments and trendy music. (2006) The younger generation in China founder different values than do their parents the standards for social status know changed as hearty. Changing standards which American fast food among other companies go been catering to include the creation of non-smoking, clean, professional franchises that make the younger generation feel comfor table and upscale.At McDonalds for example, they are treated in the same manner as a successful businessman thirty years their senior. At Starbucks, the standardized menu allows them to have their favor ite(a) drink made the same way no matter which franchise they visit. At KFC, wholeness can sit down to study without being bombarded by loud yells from smoking middle-aged men talking business over beer. Whereas previous generations favored in-person attention, the new generation nowadays favors personalised comfort. In order to be successful, consequently, new businesses have to target the intra-generational cultures. (Jiang, 2006) The work of Wai Yin Kwan entitled American Fast Food in Hong Kong, chinaware, and China (1999) relates some(a) very interesting facts.Kwan (1999) conducted a accompany among Texas students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. Findings of the survey include the spare-time activity stated reasons why these individuals choose fast food (1) Because it is something new and different Kwan relates that since hamburgers, pizzas, and french french fries are not items found in the traditional Chinese diet, many first time customers went to the fast food pla ces neverthe slight to find out what the food and the entire fast food experience were homogeneous. (1999) (2) American Kwan relates that for some of these individuals the aspect of the individuals in this study because it provided them with a change to participate in and associate themselves with the American culture. (1999) Kwans study revealed that because tidy sum have differing conceptions of what America is, the exact aspects of American culture that the consumers found openhearted also differ. For the younger generation the American fast food/tee-shirt and jeans culture represents a lack of pro forma rules, mundaneness, and youth. For young adults who are involved or wish to be involved in the business world, American fast food represents the new-fashioned, global culture. (1999) (3) Something special Kwan relates that in the advent of the fast food chains their prices were comparatively high compared to lower end, traditional eating establishments. The high prices prevented just about the great unwashed from going there on a regular basis, and therefore fast food was seen a special treat. (1999) (4) Tourist destination Kwan relates findings that since fast food places are generally concentrated in the great urban scopes and have not notwithstanding r for each oneed rural towns, many rural tourists who visit large urban cities in China make a special trip to fast food places. Many tourists have their picture taken in seem of the McDonalds sign or with the Ronald McDonald statue outside the restaurant to document their contact with an exotic culture. (1999) (5) Location, location, location Over a period-of-time, Kwans study ancestrys that as the number of fast food outlets incrementd, the reasons why people go to fast food places changed. All the interviewees who have become accustomed to the presence of the fast food chains now cite the numerous locations as a major reason for going to fast food outlets.Some of the students state p lot of ground they would never make a special trip to go to a fast food place, they sometimes ate fast food because they happened to walk by a fast food place when they were hungry. (1999) Additionally, other than the number of fast food outlets, the locations were stemmad to play an integral fibre in the popularity of fast food among the students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China as many of these outlets are located nearby schools and college campuses and students were stated to be pr ane to gather in these outlets in the late subsequentlynoon and early evening avocation classes. (6) The Toys McDonalds was found to be popular among youth from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China because of the toys provided with the Happy re foregone. Kwan states Recently the Happy Meal toys also attracted the attention of the adult market.The sales of Happy Meals at McDonalds in Hong Kong jumped 80% in 1998 after the introduction of the Snoopy doll, and jumped 10% in 1999 after the introduction of the Hello Kitty doll This increase in sales was driven by both kids and adults who bought and then resold the dolls at twenty times the legitimate price. (1999) (7) Friendly staff According to Kwan another reason cited for the popularity of fast food was the complaisant staff and atmosphere. Findings of the survey relate that quality of serving varies at other high-end expensive and traditional restaurants fleck the quality of service at traditional places varies greatly depending on the personality of the waiter, the students tell that the cashiers at the fast food places are always smiling and polite. (1999) (8) Cleanliness Kwan relates the fact that Taiwanese and Chinese students were also impressed by the cleanliness of the fast food places. angiotensin converting enzyme reason for the cleanliness is the fact that un analogous traditional restaurants where the customers leave all the dishes on the tables when they leave, the customers at the fast food places throw their o wn trash away. The students were also impressed by the fact that employees were constantly sweeping the floors and cleanup the windows. (1999) The students from Hong Kong however, didnt express the view that the service and cleanliness of American fast food chains are superior to domestic help eateries. (1999) Kwan reports that in survey questions that focused entirely on fast food at McDonalds the pursuance findings were stated (1) Friendly atmosphere Kwan relates that the tops reasons for choosing McDonalds among the students from Taiwan and China included (a) clean atmosphere (b) friendly atmosphere. Secondary was the food itself. 2) Cheap prices Kwan relates that unlike China and Taiwan where the prices at McDonalds were higher than traditional food eateries, the prices at McDonalds in Hong Kong are cheaper than nearly other eateries. The low prices were very attractive to the young students who had a limited supply of m championy. (1999) Kwan relates that among the stu dents he surveyed that none of the students I interviewed expressed a strong negative view of the American fast food chains. Also stated in the findings of the study conducted by Kwan (1999) is enchantment there is a bias against American fast food, peculiarly among the older generation, the bias isnt for reasons that American critics normally cite.Many of the students said that their parents never even wanted to try American fast food because of the fact that they didnt consider it corpo factual food. In their opinion a real meal consists of rice or noodles, some meat and vegetables, not two slices of bread, a small piece of meat and some ketchup. (Kwan, 1999) The students from Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, held the view that the to a greater extent than choices available to them all the better and as well nearly all of the students held the belief that of the students also divided the greenness belief that the introduction of American fast food companies was not a threat to t heir culture, because they believe that the Chinese people are too proud of their food culture to ever let fast food replace traditional food. (Kwan, 1999)This study reports that among those students who adoreed eating fast food it was viewed as more as alternative to their daily diet, quite than being the main part of their diet. (1999) Kwan relates that there was no expressed concern among Hong Kong and Taiwanese students over the widespread presence of fast food cover charge home, some of the students from China were bothered by the rapidly increasing presence of fast food in China. One student said while she readily accepts the presence of McDonalds in the urban cities, she is less supportive of the idea of McDonalds spreading into the rural areas. (Kwan, 1999) Kwan humorously states Relax people, its just capitalism (1999) It is reported that the students surveyed held a belief that the fast food corporations are just corporate behavior as a natural part of doing busines s (1999) The students surveyed by Kwan did not have a negative image of American fast food companies and some even held the belief that local food culture has been improved by the introduction of the fast food restaurants. The reason stated for this is preceding(prenominal) to the introduction of fast food, not much attention was paid to the service and cleanliness of inexpensive, small scale eateries neat service and a clean environment were high priorities just in expensive, high scale restaurants.The students, who are old enough to compare the conditions of local eateries before and after the introduction of fast food, said that some local restaurants are trying to improve their service and cleanliness in response to the competition from the American fast food industry. (1999) The study conducted by Kwan also reveals the situation that occurred in Hong Kong In 1974 the founders of Cafe Coral changed the eatery from a traditional style restaurant, to a self-service system that combined Chinese style food with horse opera style concepts of mass overlapion, quality, service, cleanliness, and value. By 1999 Cafe de Coral had 112 fast food outlets in Hong Kong, second only to McDonalds 147 outlets.These domestic fast food companies have taken what they have defineed from Western fast food companies and created viable alternative for local consumers who want both the service, cleanliness, and low prices associated with Western fast food and the sample of traditional Chinese food. (Kwan, 1999) Kwan relates that the rapid spread of American fast food in China China should not simply be seen as one-way process of foreign business imposing their product on local consumers. Consumers have as much affect on the way the product is comprehend and used, as the corporations that market the product. (1999) Adjustments have been storied in the menu offerings by the fast food restaurants in order to adapt to the tastes of the locality which includes offering of th e Teriyaki burger by McDonalds and the offerings of a seafood pizza pie by Pizza Hut topped with shrimp and squid.Students in numbers have made note of the fact that the toothsome Chicken Wings at Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) were greatly liked and Kwan states this is due to the fact that Chinese people generally consider the wings, not the breast or the thigh, as the juiciest and best part of the chicken. (1999) another(prenominal) aspect of the attraction of fast food to consumers that differentiates American and Hong Kong customers is the time spent at a fast food establishment. American consumers are stated to spend, on the average, 11 proceeding while the Hong Kong consumers reporting spending, on-the-average, 20-25 minutes at the fast food establishment. Kwan relates One student I interviewed said she and her friends would often go to McDonalds for a quick thirty minute meal before going somewhere else such as the movies. While for Americans the idea of spending thirty minu tes eating fast ood seems to contradict the use of going to a fast food place, to Chinese consumers this behavior is quite normal. (1999) Also stated among the findings of the study of Kwan is that the fast food establishment is a place to hang outa social gathering place for people, especially youths and college-age people. (1999) The location of these establishments centrally located to schools, universities, and colleges and allowed those who frequented these fast food restaurants to hang out as long as they like, although the study reveals that other waiting customers did often apply pressure and hurry those with tables to eat and surrender the table and with other customers soon to follow to pressure those just having gained the table to give it up to them.Kwan specifically relates that one of the primary reasons for fast food restaurants becoming a chosen hangout is because there are no other food establishments that students and their friends could hang out. The owners of small, family-owned Chinese restaurants expect the customers to finish eating in a rational amount of time so that new customers can be seated. The fancier restaurants, that are more suit to people who stay for longer periods, are too expensive for most youths. (1999) The social aspect of fast food restaurants reflects that status of eating in socialization among these students. Kwan relates findings that eating, among the students surveyed was considered a social activity to be divided up with others.All of the students said that they would usually or almost always go out to the fast food places with soulfulness else. Some students even said that they would never go out to eat alone. For some students the primary purpose of going to the fast food places was to hang out, not to eat. A few of the students said that they went to the fast food places, even though they didnt like the food, because their friends wanted to go. They would order a drink and maybe something small like fr ies or a dessert, and spend quite a while there just hanging out and talking with their friends. (1999) Kwan notes the Non-foodness of fast food in that it has been assimilated into accepted local culture although this is certainly on a global scale, et this type of food is not viewed the same as traditional Chinese food in the Chinese culture. Chinese food is not only traditional in its content just in its pagan form as well the vast array of available dishes when eating in a Chinese restaurant is accompanied by a great and lengthy discussion as to the quality of the food and urging others to eat more. (Kwan, 1999) Furthermore, it is revealed in this study that Chinese fast food consumption is through a simple routine of picking which number value meal they want. (Kwan, 1999) One of the primary findings in this study is that many people arrogatet expect to get beneficial from fast food.Kwan states that students related they would feel ripped off if they went to a traditiona l place and didnt get full, the fact that they didnt get full from McDonalds never bothered them. A few of the students even commented on the fact that two or trinity hours after eating fast food, they would get hungry again. If they had eaten a real meal, meaning rice, meat, and vegetables, then they would be full for the rest of the night. (1999) Kwans study notes that the reactions of the overseas students to fast food in America includes the findings that to these students interviewed from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong Chinese made American fast-food tastes better accredited to the spices in China which are put in the burgers make them taste better than in America.Chinese students state that pizza is even better in China and stated in the survey Many of the overseas students said that they were disappointed the first time they ate pizza here in America because they were used to eating pizzas with five or six toppings back home. They thought it was a rip off that the pizzas in th e U. S. usually only come with one topping. (Kwan, 1999) Among the students interviewed Kwan states findings that the omnipresent nature of fast food is also another reason for their decreased interest in fast food. Since the allure of eating something different, something American is gone, the only reason left to go to the fast food places is the food itself. For most of the students I interviewed, the food just isnt enough of a reason to go to the fast food places. (1999)Kwan concludes the study by stating The reasons consumers in China, McDonalds and Hong Kong go to fast food places is much more complex than the fact that Chinese consumers are obsessed with all things American. Their reasons for going to fast food places range from characteristics divided by consumers throughout the world, such as convenience, location and hunger, to reasons that based on specific cultural values, such as the view that eating is a social activity. Ironically the food itself only plays minor role in the popularity of fast food. The emphasis on going to a fast food place as a social activity, rather than a eating activity, offers a definition of the term fast food that is vastly different from the one created by the business executives. (1999)The work entitled Fast Food fast-breaking Way to Ill Health published in The Hindu relates that while country has the largest epidemic, in any nation, of malnourished people as well India will soon be the largest epidemic of any national, of heavy and diabetic people who will be prone to trouble with their kidneys, eyes, nervous systems, or other split of the body. (Balasubramanian, 2008) This is attributed to policies, or actually a lack of policies of successive governments, central and state ((Balasubramanian, 2008) This report relates that fast food or junk food in India does not come any faster than the traditional idli, vada, dosa, samosa, pakoda or chat in our shops and stalls indeed it comes slower. (Balasubramanian, 2 008) The report relates a distinctive scene in India stating One report swears that over 23 per cent of the children in Delhi are obese.One hopes that this estimate is not true if it is, one shudders to think of the numbers in Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Gurgaon and other nouveau riche cities with their fast pervading mall culture and fast food attractions. hither is a typical scene from one such mall in Hyderabad. It has a 4-movie multiplex theatre, contact by 40-odd fast food kiosks and 20-odd shops that sell clothing, perfumes and jewelry, music and video CDs and DVDs and the like. Not one of them sells traditional Indian meals or snacks. And the mall, like 20 others in the city, is filled with thousands of youngsters who obviously have enough to spend. We did not have such scenes in India twenty years ago, but this mall and fast food culture is expanding explosively across India. This too is part of the globalization of India, a part that auses great concern abo ut the health of its citizens. (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian reports a research conducted by the research firm Synovate lately among thirteen countries on food habits and health, specially fast food culture and obesity. (2008) Findings in the study reported by Balasubramanian (2008) state the the number one fast food nation in the world is the unify Kingdom. About 45 per cent of the people there are fast food eaters, and say I like the taste of fast food too much to give it up. (Balasubramanian, 2008) Following a close second are Americans at 44% and Canadians in very close behind in third place consumption of fast food and 37%.Very different findings are stated for the French who reject fast food at a rate of 81% and Singaporeans who reject fast food at a rate of 71%. Balasubramanian notes that while these two countries too are globalized, developed nations, and yet their people reject fast food. (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian states that a problem exists among the French in that there are so very few incidences of metabolic type disorders and diseases. This could well be the fact that only 30% of those in France are overweight while less than 24 percent in Singapore are overweight. Those overweight in China are at most 18% and 15% of individuals were obese in India until 1980 when that rate climbed rapidly to 27%.Balasubramanian makes a comparison of fast food and traditional food in India and states A hamburger with toppings yields 300 calories (cal) and 10 grams (g) kernel fat. A slice of pepperoni pizza has 180 cal and 7 g fat. A 12-oz (340 ml) can of Coca Cola yields one hundred fifty-five cal, and a small portion of McDonalds French fries has 210 cal, and as much as 15g total fat (and the bad ones, the trans fats, form 4g of this amount). More often than not, these are eaten as snacks and not as meals, and so add to the calorie and fat content- contributing to obesity and associated ill health. (2008) Balasubramanian states that in comparison to Indian snacks nd tiffin that these one midsize idli offers 70 cal and 0. grams fat, a sada dosa 140 cal and 5 grams fat (hence a set dosa or s squaded dosa is better), and a samosa packs 370 cal and 18 grams fat (matching a pizza slice or a collection plate of fries). A glass of lassi (200 g) gives you 140 cal and 2 grams fat (only if it is not malai dal ke). In the list of fatten dishes of India, korma and biryani stand on top, while tikka items cooked in dry oven are low fat. This comparison is not to say avoid burger and fries, and eat only idli vada, but to request to use moderation and caution. (Balasubramanian, 2008) In another report from the University of Austin Texas entitled Research Examines the Incorporation of Fast Food Culture it is related that although McDonalds the work of Dr. stool Traphagan and Dr. L.Keith Brown which is published in the Journal of Ethnology (2002) which relates that fast food is among many and often is disparaged as impo sing American culture upon unsuspecting global consumers, a new study shows that in japan fast food restaurants may have positive cultural effects. (2002) This study highlights examples of how McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken and other Westernized fast food restaurants provide an opportunity for Japanese families to interact with a sense of intimacy and jollification that is not seen in more traditional Japanese fast food establishments. (Traphagan, 2002) T Traphagan states in the findings of the study We became implicated in fast food in Japan as a result of casual observations of people in restaurants.It seemed to us that the patterns of eating and interaction were different from what is often reported in the media and in various scholarship in relation to the role of McDonalds and other fast food venues in modern societies. We also were interested, in this age of globalization, in how the products of multinational corporations such as McDonalds fit into other, non-American c ultures, he said. We were interested in how such global, or American, products are perceived in other cultures, how those products are consumed and used in other cultures, how they are adjusted or changed to fit with the local culture and what effect such things have on other cultures. (2002)Through observation of the behavior of those eating in fast food restaurants the researchers were able to note differential eating patterns between Japanese and American consumers including findings of the sharing of food among co-workers, friends, and members of family. Traphagan states It is very joint for Japanese to have plates of putting green food in the center of the table, from which they take small portions. Intimacy is sometimes discernable by the manner in which people use their chopsticks. If they turn the chopsticks around and take the food from the common plate with the back ends of the chopsticks, this indicates a degree of social distance. One would not do this with family me mbers.The tendency of having common food in the center of the table holds in restaurants like McDonalds, where people usually dump all of the french fries onto a common tray in the center of the table and then draw from them as desired. (2002) Fast food was also found in the study conducted by Traphagan to be differentiated in Japan from fast food in the United States in that Japanese fast food involves a range of options wider than the burgers and fries or fried chicken that typifies the American example, ramen, yakitori and sushi can all be fast food. In some ways, many aspects of Japanese cuisine are fast food in that they can be prepared, kept and eaten quickly although by no means do Japanese always eat quickly. (2002) It is important to note the findings stated by Traphagan that the Japanese view foods like hamburgers and fries as snacks, rather than as a full meal. The lack of rice puts these foods into a somewhat different category from that typical in the U. S. (Traphaga n, 2002) Traphagan states findings that certain customs of the Japanese were sustained in fast food restaurants. One is that a woman in the group the wife, mother or girlfriend will go to the counter to place the order and pay, while the rest of the family is seated. In a society where family dinners are rare, the researchers found this time was used by the father to interact with his children, making a trip to McDonalds an important family outing. (Traphagan, 2000)The work of Douglas Kellner entitled Theorizing/Resisting McDonaldization A Multiperspectivist Approach (nd) states that no doubt exists that McDonaldization is spreading as an international phenomenon. This work states that in 1996 the Economists made note of the fact that McDonalds reported the intention to open approximately 32,000 new restaurants and that two-thirds of these would be located outside of the United States. It is stated that the analysis conducted by Ritzer while acknowledged McDonalds in terms of it s product, architecture, and atmosphere to local conditions fails to decompose the meanings, social functions, and experiences that are experienced by customers as McDonalds generates a variety of local conditions. (nd) It is noted that McDonalds, just as any global artifact .. as very different meanings and functions in different regions and parts of the world, and a concrete analysis should interrogate local conditions in which consumers provide their own narratives of their site-specific and extra experiences to capture the variety and diversity of meanings of the McDonalds effect. (nd) Kellner states that he would argue for what I call a multiperspectivist social theory (Best and Kellner 1991 and 1997 Kellner 1995) to engage the phenomenon of McDonaldization and to provide a more contextual and multidimensional paradigm for analyzing the multiplicity of economic, socio-political, and cultural aspects of McDonaldization.This requires mobilizing the resources of both modern an d postmodern theory, using both Marx and Weber, and Baudrillard and postmodern theory, as well as the resources of cultural studies and a critical multiculturalism, to theorize the full-range of the phenomenon of the global hybridization of McDonaldization, its cultural and ideological construction, and its complex effects. McDonaldization is a many-sided phenomenon and the more perspectives that one can bring to its analysis and critique, the better grasp of the phenomenon one will have and the better one will be able to develop alternative readings and generate oppositional practices. (nd)The work of poop Marr and Alcinda Hatfield entitled Fast-Food Restaurants Just What Eastern Chinas Consumers Ordered states that the growth of fast food restaurants in the country of China has mushroomed in both number and diversity. Specifically stated is that as recently as 1993, Chinese consumers had few fast-food choices. Restaurant food was limited to five-star hotels, traditional Chinese restaurants and street-side wonton, pulled noodle and tea-egg vendors. (2004) The favorite fast food in the country of China is Kentucky Fried Chicken who has combined a popular mid-priced menu, featuring fried chicken, some of which is adapted to local tastes. Its modern atmosphere and marketing target Chinese children. (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The primary competitor of Kentucky Fried Chicken in China is McDonalds with sixteen of its current 120 restaurants in China are located in Shanghai. (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The work of Shiva Dindyal and Sanjay Dindyal entitled How Personal Factors, Including Culture and Ethnicity, Affect the Choices and pickax of Food We Make published in the Internet Journal of Third World Medicine relates that the major cities in the world are made up of diverse societies, consisting of a wide range of individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Ethnicity refers to a social group, which shares certain distinctive features, such as lan guage, culture visible appearance, religion, values and customs.Culture on the other hand refers to how we do and view things in our group. For example a shared set of values, assumptions, perceptions and conventions based on a shared history and language can make a certain group. In order for a society to function efficiently and smoothly these individuals must learn to integrate and coexist together. This will involve among other things, accepting and sampling different types of foods and even adjusting their diets. (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Dindyal and Dindyal relate that consumption of specific foods may be encouraged or discouraged among groups as well as the consumption of specific foods during certain life stages and under certain conditions.Religion is also stated to play a great role in food choice, selection and consumption in certain societies and cultures. Another personal factor affecting food choice and selection is patterns of eating, which include for whom the fo od is being made. (2008) Stated as an example is that in traditional eastern cultures food tend to be prepared for a large number of people at regular times of the day. The opposite is true in western cultures, where food prepared less frequently during the day and often the same mea is eaten more than once during the day. (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another personal factor affecting choice of foods is the individuals occupation which is a factor stated to directly influence the peoples social class. (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another factor is the mood and individual personality of the individual as well as geographical factors such as where people live and the range of shops situated near them (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) A recent survey conducted among 975 girls and 13 boys relating to fast food reports that when asked Do you enjoy eating fast food? respondents replied as shown in the following map. build 1 Do you enjoy eating fast food? pic Source (Report on would you kind red hot up with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When asked How often to you eat fast food? respondents in this survey revealed that they eat fast food between one and common chord times each week while the second largest group replied that they eat fast food between two and three times each month as shown in the following chart. Figure 2How often do you eat fast food? pic Source (Report on would you kindred Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked the question of If you dont eat fast food, why? respondents were asked to reply by stating (1) I dont like it (2) My family never goes out to eat (3) There are no fast food restaurants near my nominate (4) It is frothing (5) I eat fast food so this question does not apply to me (6) I am a vegetarian/vegan (7) It costs too much or (8) other, the respondents stated as shown in the following chart. Figure 3 If you dont eat fast food, why? whynoeat dntlike 41 5. 05 famnoeat 51 6. 28 noffrest 13 1. 6 unhealth 126 15. 52 eatff 550 67. 73 Vegetarian 17 2. 09 toomuch$ 6 0. 74 other 8 0. 99 Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled in relation to what their favorite type of fast food was choices provided included burgers, pizza, Chinese food, chicken, tacos, salad, soup, breakfast, hotdogs, chicken, fish and chips, nachos, french fries, subway, pasta, sweets, and none.The respondents stated preferences for fast food type as shown in the following chart. Figure 4 What is your favorite type of fast food? pic Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked if they had a favorite fast food restaurant among the choices of McDonalds, Burger King, Taco Bell, Wendys, KFC, Jack in the Box, Arbys, Jollibee, Subway, Pizza Hut, In and Out, Panda express, Long John Silvers, Tim Hortons, Dairy Queen, Checkers, or some random fast food place the replies sta ted were those as follows with McDonalds in the lead Figure 5 Do you have a favorite restaurant? picSource (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled as to whom they usually went to fast food restaurants with the choices stated as parents/family, brother/sisters, friend, by myself, coach/team, grndrent, dont eat, boyfriend/girlfriend, coworkers, or other, the replies given by respondents are shown in the following table. Figure 6 Who do you usually go to fast food with? Count Percent whoeat parents/fam 526 54. 73 brosis 63 6. 56 friends 272 28. 3 bymylf 14 1. 46 coach/team 1 0. 1 grndrent 20 2. 08 donteat 48 4. 99 bf/gf 7 0. 73 coworkers 5 0. 52 other 5 0. 52 Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked What do you enjoy most about fast food? respondents stated the tastes as being the number one employment with the second and third most stated reply being the fast and cheap nature of the fast food as what is most enjoyed about fast food.All results are shown in the following chart. Figure 7 What do you enjoy most about fast food? pic Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled concerning what they liked the to the lowest degree about fast food, respondents replied as shown in the following chart. Figure 8 What do you like the least about fast food? pic Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled as to their perceptions of fast food in terms of health the respondents gave the following replied stated in percentages concerning their view of fast food was that is it unhealthy.Only 104 disagreed with this statement and only 12 powerfully disagreed. The overwhelming legal age of respondents stated an agreement that fast food is not healthy. Figure 9 Fast Food is Unhealthy pic Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? respondents stated reasons as shown in the following chart with liking the tastes of fast food and because their parents eat fast food as primary reasons for eating at fast food restaurants. Figure 10 If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? pic Source (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) Finally, this study asked respondents in this study the question of whether If you were forced to choose between cooking at home or eating fast food for the rest of your life, which would you choose? Respondents overwhelmingly stated that they would choose to cook the rest of their life if forced to make a choice at the rate of approximately 82%. The study of Marsh, Fanning and Stiegert (2003) entitled socioeconomic Determinants of Fast Food Consumption states that Fast food consumption has increased dramatically over the past three decades in U. S. , accounting for nearly 35. 5% of total away-from-home expenditures in 1999. It is interesting to note the findings of this study which states Lin, Lucier, Allhouse, and Kantor examined the influence of fast food growth on frozen potato consumption. They report that on any given day that 13% of consumers eat french fries with fast food establishments accounting for 67% of the french fry market. They also report that french fry consumption varies by age, region, urbanization, race, and ethnicity, but self-governing of income. (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) Also stated in the findings of this study is Important regional and socio-demographic factors emerged. Consumers in the South and Midwest were most likely to consume fast food.In terms of gender, males were more likely to consume fast food than were females. Individuals were more likely to consume fast food until they reached 20-30 years of age at which point the li kelihood that they consume fast food decreases throughout their life. Larger households (especially those with more than four persons) were less likely to consume fast food. Although the impact of income on the likelihood of overwhelming fast food was statistically significant, it was very inelastic. The likelihood of consuming fast food was much more sensitive to age relative to household size and least sensitive to income. (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEWEDThe findings of the present study acknowledge first that fast food consumption is global in nature stretching from India, to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, to the United States, fast food and fast food restaurants are relevant to a great majority of the worlds consumers. This study has found that fast food restaurants located near schools, colleges, and universities, are frequented regularly by students and that places such as McDonalds represent more than food consumption because these places are also places of socialization for college students and other young people where these individuals study and hang-out with their peers. The largest majority of individuals who eat fast food have been found in this study to e completely aware that fast food is unhealthy however, this study has found that fast food is not considered by most individuals to be real food and that fast food such as McDonalds is acknowledge as less nutritional, less healthy and less filling than what is considered to constitute real food cooked at home. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY This study has posed the questions of (1)What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? (2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? (3) What are the primary factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from vari ous countries of the world? (4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- cultural issues surrounding food consumption? and (5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? This study has found that consumption of fast food is viewed pretty much the same across cultures, race, and ethnicity in various countries as most individuals acknowledge fast food to be generally snack type food and not really to be considered a meal such as real food cooked at home.Fast food, when contrasted to real cooked food would be cast aside if individuals had to make a life-choice of the type of food they preferred to consume. This study has also found that the largest majority of those who eat fast food acknowledge that fast food is unhealthy to consume on a regular basis. The primary factors influencing college-age students in their consumption of fast food are factors of socialization and availability of fast foo d restaurants near schools, universities and campuses. Fast food consumption has been found by this study to be both in addition to as well as an extension of cultural issues and customs surrounding food consumption.Finally, this study has found that non-food related factors affecting consumer choice of fast food establishments on a local and international basis include factors such as (1) individual choice (2) religious (3) group preferences (4) health-related factors (5) location and availability of restaurant choices (6) costs (7) socialization (8) time available for eating (9) with whom they are eating the food (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a fast food restaurant. CONCLUSIONS Having reviewed an extensive amount of literature in the subject area of factors affecting consumers in the consumption of fast food this study concludes that the factors that affect fast food consumption among consumers are great in number in al l countries in which fast food in consumed. Non-food related factors are just as great in the influence of fast food consumption as are food-related matters such as taste and nutritional value of the food being consumed.However, traditional restaurant dining is greatly preferred among older consumers and among more discerning younger consumers although this does not greatly impact younger consumers in terms of reducing their consumption of fast food or increasing their consumption of more traditional restaurant dining food items. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Future research will likely undertake studies of a longitudinal nature relating to factors affecting food consumption differences among different nationalities and ethnicities and as well will focus specifically on tracking the consumer patterns of individuals that follow those individuals over many years and life health-related transitions in gaining a complete understanding of the primary health-related factors that aff ect fast food consumption patterns among individuals of different nationalities and ethnicities.